AACINI - International Journal of Industrial Engineering
AACINI - International Journal of Industrial Engineering is an open-access scientific journal that publishes on a continuous basis, with issues closing in July and January each year. The journal publishes award-winning original papers from the Industrial Engineering Congress (COINI), as well as other original articles, interviews, and reviews related to the following topics: Quality Management, Environmental Quality, Industrial Hygiene and Safety, Corporate Social Responsibility. Management of Organizations and Organizational Knowledge Operations and Logistics Management Economic Management Innovation and Product Management Education in Industrial Engineering Entrepreneurship and Industrial Engineering International Day of Women in Industrial Engineering Asociación Argentina de Carreras de Ingeniería Industrial - AACINI (San José 964, PB. A, Capital Federal Tel: 011- 4304-7997/9960) Editorial: Observatorio Tecnológico - OTEC (Av. Juan B. Justo 4302; 7600-Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina) ISSN 2684-060X Licencia Creative Commons se encuentra bajo Licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional
Asociación Argentina de Carreras de Ingeniería Industrial y Afines
Building a Scientific Community in Industrial Engineering
Presentation of the issue. This issue marks a new stage for the International Journal of Industrial Engineering (AACINI-RIII), bringing together contributions on engineering education, technological transformation, and innovation, while reaffirming AACINI's commitment to the dissemination of scientific knowledge and the strengthening of the industrial engineering academic community.
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Presentation of the XIX International Congress on Industrial Engineering and Related Fields (COINI 2026), to be held on October 29–30, 2026, at the Institute of Engineering and Agronomy of the Arturo Jauretche National University, Florencio Varela, Argentina.
Beyond Technologies: Capabilities, Innovation, and Productive Transformation in Industry 4.0 and Digital Transformation
This review examines Industry 4.0 and Digital Transformation as a work that goes beyond a technology-centered perspective to interpret productive transformation from a systemic standpoint. The book's main contribution lies in its understanding of digitalization as a process of developing organizational capabilities, learning, innovation, and institutional coordination, rather than merely a process of technological adoption. The review also highlights the book's interdisciplinary approach, its attention to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and its contribution to the debate on the challenges of structural change in Latin America. Finally, it identifies emerging lines of discussion concerning data governance, digital platforms, and artificial intelligence, positioning the book as a valuable starting point for future research.
From Training to Transformation: The Impact of the Specialization Program in Technology and Innovation Management on Professional Trajectories and Intervention Contexts
Technology and Innovation Management (TIM) plays a key role in strengthening competitiveness and fostering innovation processes within organizations and territories. However, the effective transfer of knowledge acquired through training programs into professional practice remains a challenge. This paper analyzes twelve final projects developed within the Specialization Program in Technology and Innovation Management at the National University of Mar del Plata. The aim is to identify how the conceptual frameworks and tools of the discipline are appropriated and applied in diverse professional contexts. Through a comparative analysis, four dimensions of action are identified: capacity and human capital development, organizational transformation, value creation, and the articulation of innovation ecosystems. The findings show that the final projects are closely linked to the graduates’ professional trajectories and demonstrate how specialized training promotes the reinterpretation of work practices and the design of interventions aimed at transforming organizations and their environments. The study concludes that TIM education has a transformative capacity that goes beyond the acquisition of individual skills and contributes to strengthening organizational capabilities and regional innovation systems.
Numerical simulation of the simple tensile test and its use as a complement in competence training in engineering careers
The simple tensile test is one of the most commonly used destructive mechanical tests to determine characteristic properties of materials. From the point of view of engineering education, it is useful for introducing concepts such as conventional and true stress, etc. On the other hand, understanding mechanical properties has implications in engineering practice; in relation to design and production of goods, maintenance and research. This implies that this test is important in education with Competency-based learning approach. Despite the wide use of tensile testing in experimental practical training, it provides information on global variables, giving little information on local variables, such as strain and stress distributions. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate complementary tools that allow mobilizing and integrating knowledge that contributes to understanding the mechanical response of materials. One way to do this is through the use of numerical experiments of the simple tensile test. In this work, the numerical simulation using finite elements of the simple traction problem is presented for the case of different plane geometries and different materials; as a tool to improve the integration of knowledge and skills training in the area of mechanical response of materials and their properties in undergraduate students.
Copyright (c) 2025 AACINI - International Journal of Industrial Engineering https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Industrial engineering competencies in the era of Industry 4.0
Competency-based training poses a challenge for higher education in the era of Industry 4.0. Based on research and outreach activities carried out by the Industrial Engineering program at the academic unit where the work is developed, a greater need for competencies related to digital transformation has been observed. This article refers to the first stage of a research project whose main objective is to link competencies in academic training with the needs of companies regarding digital transformation. The theoretical and methodological development is outlined to conduct a state-of-the-art study on the topic and to propose a survey tool to explore the professional profile of graduates and discover their knowledge in new technologies, while also exploring the needs of companies in this area. Additionally, an analysis is conducted of the curriculum programs to identify the gaps between the developed contents and those associated with this new era
Héctor Ricardo Gallegos 03/10/1949 – 21/12/2020
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Digital Transformation and Process Improvement in E-Commerce: Case Study of an SME Specializing in Regional Products from Mar del Plata
E-commerce has become a key factor in the transformation and growth of SMEs globally. In this context, the research conducted by Manuel Fernández Montero and Bautista Gende, industrial engineering students at the National University of Mar del Plata, addresses the operational challenges of Zizou Mates, an SME that has experienced exponential growth in online sales. Using industrial engineering tools to analyze the market, customers, and internal processes, they identified issues such as the lack of digitalization in order management and the absence of key performance indicators. To address these challenges, they proposed technology-based solutions, including an integrated system in Google Sheets, process reengineering, and quality control optimization. This study highlights the importance of digital commerce in enhancing business competitiveness in a globalized environment, where digitalization, continuous improvement, and data analysis are essential for sustainability and success in dynamic and demanding markets.
Thesis Reviews for undergraduate and postgraduate degrees
Copyright (c) 2025 AACINI - International Journal of Industrial Engineering
A vineyard in southern Patagonia: Challeng-ing the climate at Viñas del Nant y Fall
Production processes in agriculture and livestock have always been conditioned by the characteristics of the soil, the climate, the sources of irrigation and the variety and nature of the surrounding ecosystem. Although in some privileged regions of the planet, nature is so bountiful that crops are grown with ease, in most cases, man has had to resort to his ingenuity to ensure that crops are viable and sustainable over time. As far as vineyard production is concerned, the Vitis vinifera species has specific preferences for soils with good drainage, an adequate balance of nutrients, a temperate and dry climate, sufficient but not very frequent rainfall, and abundant sunlight. In Argentina, vineyards are grown in regions with semi-arid soils and temperatures between warm and temperate, from the province of Rio Negro to Salta, with successful vineyards existing in some microclimates, including on the Atlantic coast of the province of Buenos Aires. In Patagonia, where suitable soils are abundant, cold weather and frost prevent the development of traditional vineyards. There are important vineyards in the valley between the Negro and Colorado rivers, but further south, the climate is not favorable for cultivation. The Nant and Fall case is about a pioneering venture on the outskirts of Trevelin, Chubut province, where a viable vineyard was developed by incorporating frost detection and protection technology.
This work immerses us in project design considerations when implementing real-time data collection tools in the plant, also known as internet of things technology, necessary to optimize the management of industrial operations. A wrong conception that does not take into account significant differences regarding distribution by process versus distribution by product will inevitably involve going through a series of difficulties that cause the results obtained to not be translated into information, necessary for the search for continuous improvement. The conclusions are alarming, presenting an initial situation of OEE monitoring of 88%, in contrast to a reality fourteen points lower, 74%. This gap will cause not to attack the elimination of waste, in search of optimization of the company's income statement. We will see that this difference will be a consequence of the incorrect imputation of rework generated when monitoring the activity based on the occupation time of the operators, instead of doing so on the effective time in producing good units continuously. The following research is of the descriptive type methodology, based on a collection of empirical data taken asynchronously during the year 2023 on a sample universe defined by a manufacturing company dedicated to the production of commercial weighing instruments for the Argentine and Latin American markets.
This study examines talent management and retention strategies within an Agtech startup in Argentina, combining theoretical frameworks with practical insights from a real-world case. Using a previous master’s thesis on talent retention and interviews with the startup's partners and collaborators, the research explores challenges in managing human resources in an innovative environment. Startups are defined as innovative and scalable enterprises with significant growth potential and inherent risks. Argentina’s leadership in disruptive startups, particularly in biotechnology, artificial intelligence, and clean energy, is highlighted. The study analyzes startups’ attributes like innovation, market fit, and scalability in the context of human resource strategies. The paper emphasizes aligning talent management with corporate goals. Key elements include the Employee Value Proposition (EVP), development through experience, relationships, and education, and the design of competitive benefits. Talent retention focuses on recognizing employees, offering development opportunities, and fostering flexible organizational cultures. Findings reveal that employees value remote work, competitive salaries, and flexibility, while partners stress adapting benefits to employees’ diverse needs. The study concludes that startups must enhance retention strategies by clarifying roles, updating compensation, and maintaining open communication.
Challenges in the training of industrial engineers at the dawn of industry 5.0
Industry 5.0 is the product of the incremental evolution of the 4.0 model. Without disruptive features, this model differentiates itself through a greater focus on social and ecological values. Its challenges include social heterogeneity, the measurement of environmental and social value, and the integration of the entire value chain. While Industry 4.0 addresses sustainability from a technological perspective, Industry 5.0 adopts a holistic approach that places the human being at the core of the production process. This change of focus empowers industry to achieve social goals, in addition to economic ones. This context brings with it the need for a 5.0 education that focuses on the management of technologies and machinery with a humanistic approach, developing advanced cognitive skills and organizational management. Essential competencies include both technical and digital skills, as well as soft skills and emotional intelligence. Five groups of key competencies are identified: soft skills (flexibility and social skills), hard skills (professional skills and technical skills), cognitive skills (analytical and intelligent skills), emotionally intelligent skills (self-awareness and empathy) and digital skills (digital literacy and interactivity). Education 5.0 for industrial engineers should be based on the enabling technologies of Industry 5.0, fostering high cognitive skills in both technologies and organizational management. Based on conceptual guidelines from various authors, it is proposed to create a training space called "Engineering Innovation Space 5.0" (ExI250). This space, oriented towards future production, will function as an educational and training platform, providing an environment for practical and multidisciplinary teaching in production. ExI250 seeks to materialize the vision of Industry 5.0 through a blended learning factory approach with scenario-based learning that allows students to gain practical experience throughout the production process, from customer request to delivery of developed and manufactured products.
Logistics, energy and sustainability, literature review
This document presents the results of an analysis of recent literature on the importance of logistics in the generation of greenhouse gases (GHG) and examines the topics currently being researched to reduce its impact and enhance sustainability of the activity. The methodology was based on a systematic review of the available literature published in recent years, followed by its analysis and comparison. The research results indicate that, although progress is being made through various approaches to reduce the impact of logistics activities on GHG emissions, none has yet emerged as a definitive solution, suggesting that we are in a period of transition. In this transition, sustainability plays a key role as an important objective, alongside technological and economic constraints that remain challenging to overcome.
Analysis of the properties of lightweight ceramic bricks obtained from clay and aggregates of various agro-industrial wastes
Numerous investigations were carried out incorporating various agro-industrial wastes into clay mixtures, in order to produce lightweight ceramic materials. In this work, some of these studies have been analyzed, taking as a starting point those that were developed under the same experimental conditions, in such a way that the variables to be analyzed are the densities of the biomasses, and the percentage of added waste. The selected biomass waste is peanut shells, pistachio shells, olive pits, corn cobs, among others. The characterization of these materials was carried out with various techniques. The XRD diagrams present in all cases the characteristic peaks of the crystalline portion of cellulose. The thermal behavior studies show exothermic peaks corresponding to the combustion-decomposition processes of the biopolymers present. The properties and characteristics of the ceramic products obtained have been studied, and it can be observed that, in all cases, for contents of up to 10% of residual material, the market requirements for this type of bricks are met. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the shape and size of the pores produced in the samples has led to establishing an important relationship with the characteristics of the aggregated biomass particles.
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How and Why the "Saber Ser" Should Be Incorporated into Industrial Engineering
This article highlights the need to incorporate Saber Ser (SS) into the training of industrial engineers, distinguishing it from soft skills (SS) and emphasizing its role in ethics and professional development. It is linked to AACINI's interest in competency-based education in engineering, promoting its integration into curricula. Additionally, concrete strategies for implementing SS are presented, underscoring its impact on adaptability and social responsibility for future professionals in the face of technological and labor challenges.
XVIII Congreso Internacional de Ingeniería Industrial – COINI 2025
Palpitando el COINI 2025 en la UCA
Strategies and results in cohort monitoring: an introspective look for the industrial engineering career at UNMDP
In the university education system, the study of variables linked to the evolution of cohorts is essential to have relevant information for decision-making. Directing educational efforts and policies to guarantee the permanence of students at the university and optimizing graduation rates contributes to improving the academic quality of careers. The article presents the results of the cohort monitoring study carried out in the Industrial Engineering degree program at the UNMDP, between 2003 and 2022. Based on the available data, the corresponding retention, dropout and graduation indicators were selected. Based on the results obtained, action proposals are presented to update the Tutoring System, detect subjects or thematic nuclei in which dropout and slowdown phenomena are deepened, as well as implement activities that promote the reduction of the real duration of the career.
Exergy applied to life cycle analysis. An integrative approach to measuring sustainability
This work aims to demonstrate why the application of exergy to life cycle assessment methodology gives a more comprehensive understanding of both energy and non-energy resources consumed in various energy conversion processes. Moreover, exergy can be considered a physical value of a resource. In this respect, it might be quantified to account for requirements needed. In doing so, it is possible to determine how exergetically efficient might result to be the consumption of energy and materials in specific processes. Firstly, it is explained how exergy relates to sustainability assessment. Secondly, a discussion about methodological limitations in life cycle assessment and its implications for sustainability measurement in terms of environmental impacts are thoroughly examined. Thirdly, a comparison between the exergetic approach and the conventional approach to life cycle assessment of a hypothetical case study of biogas from bovine slaughterhouse waste is presented to evaluate to which extent the exergetic approach provides a better measure of sustainability. To sum up, some final considerations are put forward to provide insights into the application of exergy to life cycle assessment methodology. Therefore, the integration of exergy into this methodology might enhance the scope of sustainability measurement, delivering a better tool for assessing environmental impacts in terms of exergetic efficiency recovery, and as a response to an order of things subject to entropic transformations.
Network analysis of primary health care centers using numerical simulation and genetic algorithms
The networks of Primary Health Care Centers (PHCC) are an important part of the public health system of our country. In order to maximize the population's access to health goods and services provided in the PHCC, the municipalities make a permanent effort to adapt these networks to the demographic and territorial growth of the cities. This complex problem involves distributing appropriately the number of centers in the territory, with the proper capacity for each type of service offered. The main objective of this work is to study the need, demand, and supply of primary health care services using a mathematical model. For the specific case study of a medium-sized city territorially disaggregated into census cells, firstly, the current system situation is investigated through simulation using a simple model of willingness to move. Next, the effect of modifying the capacity of services in existing PHCC is analyzed. Finally, the impact of incorporating new centers into the network is investigated in order to maximize the estimated demand using a genetic algorithm. The proposed methodology makes it possible to systematically study the system with the available information and analyze the impact of changes in services’ offering on the main access indicators.
Digital transformation of the internal processes of a baked food company
The objective of this work is the survey and analysis of the information and communication technologies adopted in a food company dedicated to the production of baked goods in the city of Mar del Plata, Argentina. To understand how the company generates, transforms, stores and reports data, the interactions of the different information flows in the organization's internal processes are analyzed by developing process maps, information flow diagrams and technological audits. Based on the initial technological diagnosis, the Soft Operational Research methodology is applied with the purpose of participatively detecting the main weaknesses of the current information system and the impacts they generate in the different areas. As a result, the needs for incorporating information and communication technologies are determined so that the company can face a digital transformation process that allows it to improve the availability of information for decision making and add value to its operations.
How do we help the environment from the supply chain?
The importance of sustainability in logistics processes plus the coordination of the supply chain raise the maturity of integration through flows of materials and information together. The difference lies in the set of practices between suppliers, companies and clients in order to integrate SC with a high degree of maturity and evaluate environmentally friendly actions. The research is based on adding sustainability to each process while raising the level of integration of SC; applying it to a case study with a descriptive design where SC of a company dedicated to the construction and metallurgical of Olavarría is diagnosed. The revealed processes are relationships with suppliers, purchases, storage and modular construction process. The objective is to determine the logistics practices that provide integration to the supply chain in a sustainable way to dry modular construction. During the development, it was possible to evaluate the process from the order, considering the specific needs of each client, until the delivery to the same. Going through each stage, sustainable actions were identified that enhance the integration of the entire chain. The results indicate that integrated logistics practices can be carried out in a sustainable way, from purchases with a strategic relationship with suppliers, to a differentiated design for multiple delivery, making the delivery of up to four products with the same transport more efficient.
Digitization of Financial Processes through the Implementation of the Agile Kanban Methodology
The objective of this work is to develop a proposal for digitalization of the financial debt claim process of a health services organization in the city of Mar del Plata, Argentina. Given the growth in the number of clients, delays have been generated in the process and shortcomings in integration, communication and coordination between the areas involved. This situation generates the main problem that the organization faces financial problems associated with lack of liquidity, with the impossibility of meeting all of the obligations and commitments assumed. For this reason, the digitalization of all the information and documentation associated with the process and the implementation of the agile Kanban methodology is proposed to be able to manage it quickly, flexibly and integratedly. A virtual dashboard is designed to visualize the process flow, policies, work-in-progress limits, feedback cycles and continuous improvement are established. It is concluded that the proposal for digitalization and agile management of the analyzed process will generate a positive impact on the organization's finances, both in the short and long term, favoring its solvency, future competitiveness and continuously adding value to the organization
Industrial Engineering: Leading the Development of Industry 5.0
Looking Toward the Future Argentina and the world are navigating a context of rapid changes, both technological and political, and we must continually adapt to meet these challenges. AACINI has proven itself to be an organization dedicated to this adaptation, promoting continuous updating and cooperation as key elements for confronting the future. In this edition of the journal, the articles presented reflect this commitment, with studies on digital transformation, ergonomics, sustainability, and industry innovation. Each article stands as a testament to the work and dedication of professionals who are transforming the industry and building a better future for all. We live in times when systems are strained, and university professionals are called to lead with commitment and vision. Through AACINI and particularly at the upcoming XVII COINI, Industrial Engineering is leading the way toward an Industry 5.0 that places people and the planet at the center of all our objectives.
Industrial Engineering, Enterprise, and Strategy
The first chapter develops the perspective of the evolution of industrial engineering, aiming to understand the assumptions and the conceptual and instrumental foundations upon which its historical development was based. The second chapter progresses in understanding the concept of the company, establishing a basis to effectively apply knowledge and tools related to processes, systems, and data. The third chapter addresses the issue of strategy and strategic planning for organizations, providing a central foundation to guide companies within their competitive segment, particularly with insights for gaining competitive advantages. Finally, as an epilogue, the authors Dr. Antonio A. Arciénaga Morales (UNSA), Dr. Bárbara M. Villanueva (UNSA), Mg. Pablo E. Aguerre (UNLZ-UPE), and Eng. Leonardo G. Rey (UNLZ) highlight some contributions to the discussion on the direction of the Industrial Engineering program: eco-efficiency and circular economy, meta-organizations and new approaches to the company, the impacts of artificial intelligence on decision-making processes, and digital transformation within organizations.
Ergonomic analysis and strategies for compliance with NOM-036-1-STPS-2018 in three production areas and an administrative area in a Mexican agroindustrial metalworking company.
The project was carried out in a metalworking company, which manufactures agricultural machinery, in Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, Mexico. An ergonomic risk analysis was carried out in the main process areas in activities that involve manual handling of loads: area of injectors, blowers, and moldable metals (ISMM), assembly of agricultural machinery and spare parts (EMAR) and Tooling (HE), and in general administrative area (PCP). Evaluations of the level of dysergonomic risk were carried out, in accordance with NOM-036-STPS-2018 and support in the MAC, RULA, ROSA methods. Some strategies were implemented to reduce the level of risk, work standards were generated for the manual handling of loads, the ergonomics program was developed in accordance with the official Mexican standard, which is mandatory. A simulation was carried out in PROMODEL software, of the improvements planned to be implemented later. Finally, the level of dysergonomic risk decreased by 18% in the jobs with the highest level of diagnosis.
Technological Maturity in Industrial SMEs of Olavarría: perspectives on their preparation for Digital Transformation
In the current environment, industrial SMEs face a disruptive challenge: the integration and exploitation of new digital technologies that threaten their existence. Digital transformation applied to their operational and business models becomes crucial to strengthen their competitiveness and sustainability in the market. In this context, it is essential to develop methods and tools that guide companies in planning their transition to the new productive paradigm, aligning their business strategy with their operational strategy. The objective of this research is to determine the possibilities of adaptation of industrial SMEs to the technological solutions provided by Industry 4.0. To this end, a preliminary investigation was conducted in the metal-mechanic sector of the city of Olavarría through a survey of the technologies used in each of the main areas of the company, in order to identify the level of preparedness of their organizations to face the new productive paradigm of the smart industry. The results reveals that the metal-mechanic sector of Olavarría is in an incipient process of digital transformation mainly due to technological gaps, limited interconnection and communication between machines, cybersecurity and limited automation, and lack of associated specialized talent, among others. The shortage of skilled labor, difficult access to financing, cost fluctuations, and the currency crisis associated with market volatility are the main obstacles to the performance of productive activities in the sector. Furthermore, the absence of a strategy to manage technological resources, incorporate new developments, and train employees in the necessary knowledge and skills to implement these new technologies is highlighted. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for the business community and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the field of digital transformation in SMEs.
This work is developed within the framework of an interinstitutional investigation, between the Department of Technology of de National University of Luján and the Faculty of Engineering of the National University of Mar del Plata, with independent professionals linked to the management of human resources, and health professionals who work on the rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities. This is a preliminary approach, which aims to study the skills required by this group to go through processes of effective labour insertion. For this, a bibliographic survey is carried out, with the purpose of understand the concepts of employability and the associated skills, which allow People with Disabilities to enter and remain in the labor market, adapt, progress and find satisfaction at work. The methodology will be a review of primary and secondary bibliographic sources, from which it is expected to obtain a formal and conceptual basis for the study, to serve as an input to guide future research.
Personal Reputation Management in SMEs in Puebla
"Personal Reputation Management in SMEs in Puebla", written by Ramsés Cabrera Gala, addresses the topic of personal reputation and its impact on customer perceptions in the context of Small and Medium Enterprises in Puebla. With methodological rigor and a friendly reading style, it invites us to analyze the different components of a common concept such as personal reputation, offering a multidimensional and approachable perspective.
Organizational behavior and the inclusion of people with disabilities (PWD): ¿a possible relationship?
The labor inclusion of People with Disabilities (PWD) is imposed as a topic to be studied given that the social group is changing its behavior in several aspects in relation to minorities. Which imposes an intervention from field research immediately. This article aims to share with the scientific community advances resulting from exploratory actions carried out from 2021 to date. For this survey, the state of the art of the problem is presented in light of the research questions that guide it. The main objective of the work is to investigate in specialized bibliographic sources which are the models of Organizational Behavior that allow the topic to be addressed. Data processing is carried out through a two-way analysis of sources, using primary and secondary sources to meet the stated objective. It is expected with such a contribution to provide data that accounts for the labor inclusion of PWD that ensures being able to contribute to the knowledge of behavior in the context of organizations and their perspective of evolution.
Decision factors in university entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is a topic of interest, increasingly relevant for societies, given its economic, productive, and cultural impact. The objective of the study was to analyze the elements that influence the decision of university students to start a business. A qualitative and non-probabilistic research was carried out through 15 semi-structured interviews with university entrepreneurs on the campus of a higher education institution in central Mexico. The findings suggest that the elements that influence the decision to start a business among university students are the search for entrepreneurial success, the different types of motivators and the obtaining-increase of income. This converges with the existing literature on entrepreneurship, but at the same time provides a new approach to entrepreneurship in university students. Suggestive findings are the divergent perception of the role of innovation in university entrepreneurship, the strengthening of the sense of community (social support), communication-persuasion and the use of social networks among university entrepreneurs. These results allow strengthening the construct, but also show the importance of entrepreneurship from within universities. Areas of opportunity for future research as well as limitations are discussed.
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